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A Teaching Plan 
of Grammar 



A Teaching Plan 
of Grammar 

Prepared by a Committee 




EDITED BY 



JOSEPH S. TAYLOR, Pd. D. 

District Superintendent of Schools. New York 



1919 

Published by 

THE EDITOR 

2275 Loring Place, Bronx 

New York 



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The Committee 
KATE J TUNNEY 
GRACE CARROLL 
CLARICE J. SMITH 

and 
twenty-three others 



Second Edition 



Copytig!it,l 9 1 6 
By JOSEPH S. TAYLOR 



APS ^ im 



V 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 






Page 

Preface • • • ^ 

Definitions ^ 

Grade 5A 20 

Grade 5B 24 

Grade 6A 29 

Grade 6B : 34 

Grade 7 A 38 

Grade 7B •• ^ 

Grade 8A 50 

Grade SB 56 

Rules of Punctuation 65 



PREFACE. 

The teaching of EngUsh is the most complex, the most 
difficult, and the most important work of the elementary 
school teacher. It includes reading, word study, phonet- 
ics, composition, and grammar. Each of these is a good- 
sized job by itself; and the possible combinations of them 
and the methods of teaching them are almost infinite. 
We have a deluge of "language" books for the use of 
pupils, every page of which is usually a medley of the 
various elements named above. It is the kind of corre- 
lation which results in a superficial impression and a 
confused notion of what is learned. As we ascend in the 
grades the various subjects and parts of subjects should 
be isolated for thoroughness of drill and clearness of con- 
ception. Departmental teaching is a device which auto- 
matically accomplishes such isolation. As the pupil gets 
older he himself is able to perceive the interrelations of 
knowledge, so that it is no longer necessary for the 
teacher to make all the connections. 

For these reasons there comes a time, beginning in 
the fifth or sixth grade, when grammar should be taught 
as grammar, reading as reading, and composition as 
composition. Each of these should be graded into steps, 
easy at first, and proceeding gradually to the more diffi- 
cult until the entire science or art is mastered. During 
the whole process the relations of grammar, reading, and 
composition should be pointed out, so that each is seen 
in the light of the others and each is illustrated by the 
others. But the correlation should no longer be so com- 



PREFACE 



plete that the subjects lose their individuaUty. By the 
time a pupil reaches the eighth grade he should have 
a systematic knowledge of grammar as such, composition 
as such, and literature as such. 

Attention is called to the following features of these 
outlines : 

1. The New York course of study and syllabus in 
English and the grammatical definitions of the writer 
are the basis of the content of the plans. 

2. The plan of each grade makes provision for the 
systematic review of the work of that grade and of pre- 
ceding grades. 

3. The copulative verb is included in the class of in- 
transitive verbs. Some intransitive verbs are copulative, 
others are not. 

4. In a footnote to the plans of grades 7 A and 8B 
the subdivisions of the pronominal adjective are given. 
It is manifestly a violation of at least two of the three 
rules* of logical division to make the demonstrative ad- 
jective one of the large co-ordinate classes. 



*The three rules are : 

(1) The sum of the species must equal the genus, i. e., in the 
present case, must include all existing adjectives. 

(2) There must be but one basis of classification. 

(3) The classes must be mutually exclusive. Maxw^ell has three 
classes — quality, quantity, and demonstratives. Nov^^, there are a 
number of adjectives, such as other, any, some, such, all, none, 
either, neither, etc., that do not fall into any of Maxwell's 
classes ; hence his scheme violates rule one. Carpenter has six 
classes — quality, quantity, demonstratives, interrogative, relative, 
pronominal. Demonstratives are pronominal, hence this class 
violates rule three. 



PREFACE 



5. In a footnote to the plan of grade 8A will be found 
a statement regarding the interrogative adjective, which 
is called by some excellent authorities (e. g., Whitney) a 
relative adjective. 

6. Verbals are classified in the plan as infinitives, 
participles, and participial nouns. This is done in obedi- 
ence to the Board of Superintendents' Circular No. 17, 
1911-'12, which uses these terms. In my "Definitions," 
however, I am using gerund instead of participial noun, 
because I am convinced that gerund is the more accurate 
term. In this view I am supported by the N. E. A. No- 
menclature Committee, which calls attention to the fact 
that the term is common to EngHsh, Latin, and the Ro- 
mance languages. Teachers in schools outside of New 
York may use gerund. 

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made of the in- 
valuable services rendered by the twenty-six teachers 
representing twenty-four schools who produce these plans. 
Each grade had a separate committee consisting of teach- 
ers selected from that grade by their colleagues. Miss 
Kate J. Tunney, Mrs. Grace Carroll, and Miss Clarice J. 
Smith served on all the committees as the writer's rep- 
resentatives for the purpose of securing consistency in 
the form and content of the plans. 

The plans have been in use for two years by New 
York schools having an aggregate register of seventy-five 
thousand children. The almost unanimous approval of 
the principals and teachers of these schools and the fre- 
quent demand for copies by educators outside of New 



8 PREFACE 

York, have encouraged me to print this new and re- 
vised edition. 

Attention is called to the fact that this is not a treatise 
on method, but a plan of work. Whether the teaching 
shall be good, bad, or indifferent depends upon the per- 
sons who use the plan. The author hopes all the teaching 
will be by the inductive method. This requires ( 1 ) 
concrete material for the purpose of analytical study, (2) 
the formulation of the general principle discovered into a 
rule or definition, and (3) the application of the principle 
by way of drill, review, and the use of language. Those 
who object to definitions forget (1) that the course of 
study requires them, (2) that inductive teaching without 
formulation is not inductive at all, and (3) that no 
science is possible without accurately defined terms. 

JOSEPH S. TAYLOR. 

New York, February 1, 1919. 



DEFINITIONS 

By JOSEPH S. TAYLOR 

District Superintendent 



THE following definitions and classifications em- 
body the substance of General Circular No. 17, 
1911-'12, issued by the Board of Superinten- 
dents under date of June 19, 1912. The additions here 
offered are in harmony with the New York course of 
study in English and, as far as possible, with the Report 
of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Nomenclature 
of the N. E. A., adopted in 1913. 

For ready reference, topics are arranged in alphabetical 
order. Where the grade is inserted, it indicates the 
point where the subject may properly be taken up for 
formal study. Where the word optional is used it means 
that the item is not definitely prescribed by the course 
of study in New York. 

The author has tried to make the definitions as simple 
and clear as possible without sacrificing accuracy. He 
has purposely avoided "baby definitions," such as: "A 
noun is a name-word" ; "a verb is an action-word" ; "an 
adjective is a quality-word." The whole purpose of 
the pamphlet and of the nomenclature movement gen- 
erally, is to avoid the waste involved in teaching a child 
something in one grade or class or school which he 
must unlearn in the next. Economy of learning re- 



10 DEFINITIONS 



quires that what we teach at any stage must remain true 
ever after. 

1. An adjective is a word used to qualify or limit 
the meaning of a noun or pronoun. Adjectives are 
divided into two general classes, descriptive and limiting. 
6b. 

1. A descriptive adjective denotes the kind or 
quality of an object. Descriptive adjectives are 
either common or proper. 111. — large, British. 

2. A limiting adjective specifies or limits the 
meaning of a noun or pronoun. Limiting adjectives 
are divided into three classes, numeral, pronominal, 
and the article. 7a. (N. E. A. Report, p. 3). 

a. A numeral adjective is a limiting adjective 
that expresses number. 111. — Three, first. 

b. A pronominal adjective is a limiting adjective 
that is sometimes used as a pronoun. 111. — This 
apple is red (adjective). This is a red apple (pro- 
noun). 

2. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning 
of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. With refer- 
ence to meaning adverbs are divided into the following 
classes: 6b. 

1. Time — answering the question, When? 

2. Place — answering the question, Where? 

3. Degree — answering the question. To what ex- 
tent? 

4. Manner — answering the question. How ? 

5. Number — answering the question, In what 
order ? or, How many times ? 8b. 

6. Cause — answering the question. Why? 8b. 

7. Assertion or denial; as, yes, no. 8b. 



DEFINITIONS 11 



With reference to use adverbs are divided into 
three classes ; namely, simple, interrogative, relative. 
7a. 

1. A simple adverb is an ordinary adverb; as 
badly, slowly. 

2. An interrogative adverb is an adverb that asks 
a question ; as, Why did you do it ? 

3. A relative (or conjunctive) adverb is an ad- 
verb that modifies a verb and connects a subordinate 
clause to a principal clause. 111. — The seed grew 
up where it fell. 

3. The adverbial objective is a noun of value, dis 
tance, time, place, quantity, direction, or extent used 
adverbially. 111. — The coat cost five dollars. He walked 
ten m-iles. The play lasted three hours. The lad is 
ten years old. Such nouns are in the objective case. 
The term adverbial objective sufTficiently describes their 
syntax. 7a. 

4. A conjunction is a word that connects words or 
groups of words. Conjunctions are divided into two 
principal classes, co-ordinate and subordinate. 

1. A ao-ordhiate conjunction is a word that 
connects elements of equal or similar rank. 7a. 

For The Teacher Only. 
Co-ordinate conjunctions may be subdivided as follows: 

a. Copulative : and, also, likewise, now, both-and, as well 
as, not-neither, neither-nor. 6b. 

b. Disjunctive : either-or, or, whether-or, or else, else. 

c. Adversative: but, yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding, 
however (optional). 8b. 

d. Causal: for, therefore, wherefore, then, hence, so, 
and accordingly (optional). 8b. 



12 DEFINITIONS 



2. A subordinate conjunction is a word that joins 
a subordinate clause to the principal clause. Illus- 
trations : before, ere, since, after, as soon as, as long 
as, because, if, provided, unless, though, that, lest, 
than. I was hcie Uejore you arrived. 

Relative pronouns, relative adjectives (see p. 51), 
and relative (conjunctive) adverbs also perform 
the office of a subordinate conjunction in addition to 
their functions as pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs. 
111. — Happy is the man that findeth wisdom ; I do not 
know what course I shall follow ; Come when you 
can. 7a. 

5. Comparison of an adjective is a change of form 
to denote quality in different degrees. 6b. 

1. The positive degree is that form of the ad- 
jective which expresses simply the quality. 111. — 
good, bad, great. 

2. The comparative degree is that form of an 
adjective which expresses the quality in a higher or 
lower degree. 111. — better, worse, greater. 

3. The superlative degree is that form of an 
adjective which expresses the quality in the highest 
or lowest degree. 111. — best, worst, greatest. 

6. A clause is a part of a sentence that contains a 
subject and a predicate. 111. — // he did this, he was 
right. 7a. 

7. Case is a change of form or use in a noun or pro- 
noun which shows its relation to other words. 6b. 

1. The nominative case is that form or use of 
a noun or pronoun which denotes the subject of a 
verb. 111. — Lincoln was elected. You are the man. 



DEFINITIONS 13 



The nominate form is also required in the following 
instances : 

a. Nominative absolute. When a noun or pro- 
noun is used with a participle to express cause, 
time, or circumstance, its case is called nominative 
absolute. 111. — The guide having left us, we went 
home alone. Night coming on, the travelers looked 
for an inn. 7a. 

b. Nominative by direct address. A noun or pro- 
noun used as an independent element to address 
some person or thing directly is said to be nomina- 
tive by direct address. 111. — John, come here. Come 
to me, O ye children. 6b. 

c. Nominative of exclamation. A noun or pro- 
noun used as an independent element to exclaim 
about a person or thing is called nominative of ex- 
clamation. 111. — Poor little stranger! She never 
said a word. 6b. 

d. Predicate Nominative. See No. 19. 

e. Noun in Apposition. A noun or pronoun is 
generally in the same case as another when it de- 
notes the same person or thing and is used for 
explanation or emphasis. Such a word is called 
noun (or pronoun) in apposition. 111. — Brown him- 
self went (emphasis). Brown, the merchant, went 
(explanation). 7a. Words in apposition may be in 
the nominative, objective, or possessive case. 

2. The objective case is that form or use of a 
noun or pronoun which denotes the object of a 
transitive verb or of a preposition. 111. — He has a 
book. Take me with you. 6b. 

a. Retained object. Usually the object of the 
active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb ; 



14 DEFINITIONS 



thus: John struck James (active). James was 
struck by John (passive). When the active verb 
has both a direct and an indirect (dative) object, the 
passive verb retains its direct object and the indirect 
object becomes the subject ; thus : 

Father offered me a dollar (active). 

I was offered a dollar by father (passive). In 
the second sentence dollar is called a retained object. 
. 8a. 

b. Indirect Object is a dative objective placed 
between the verb and its object. Formerly nouns or 
pronouns thus used were in the dative case and are 
still so called in other languages. In English we 
now call the relation objective case. 111. — Give me 
the book. They made Joseph a coat. Forgive us 
our trespasses. 7a. 

3. The possessive (genitive) case is that form 
of a noun or pronoun which denotes ownership, 
authorship, or appurtenance. 111. — My house; Shakes- 
peare's plays ; the ship's compass. 6b. 

8. Gender is a change of form in nouns and pro- 
nouns to denote sex or the absence of sex. 6b. 

1. The masculine gender denotes males. 111. — 
He, him, man, administrator. 

2. The feminine gender denotes females. 111. — 
she, woman, administratrix. 

3. The neuter gender denotes objects without sex. 
111. — it, book. 

9. Grammar is the science of the correct use of 
language. 

10. An interjection is a word or phrase that ex- 
presses feeling and is generally without syntax. 111. — 
Alas, oh, ah. 6b. 



DEFINITIONS 15 



11. Mood is a form or use of the verb which indi- 
cates how the assertion is thought of or conceived. 7a 
and 7b. 

1. The indicative mood is that form or use of the 
verb which assumes the assertion as a fact (fact 

mood). 111. — / can sing. 

2. The subjunctive mood is that form or use of 
the verb which assumes the assertion as merely 
thought of or supposed (thought mood). 111. — I wish 

he were here. I would do it if I could. 

3. The imperative mood is that form or use of 
the verb which expresses the assertion in the form 
of a command. 111. — Go away, John. Let us go. 

12. A noun is a word used as a name. Nouns are 
divided into two general classes, proper and common. 
6b. 

1. A proper noun is the individual name of a 
person, group, or thing. 111. — John, Boston, Presby- 
terian. 

2. A common noun is a name common to all of 
the same kind or class. 111. — book, slate. Common 
nouns are further divided into collective and verbal. 
7b. 

a. A collective noun is a name that is singular 
in form and plural in meaning. 111. — The lowing 

herd wind slowly o'er the lea. 

b. A verbal noun is a participle or an infinitive 
used as a noun. 111. — Seeing is believing. 

13. Number is a change of form in a word to de- 
note one or more than one. 6b. 

1. The singular number is that form of a word 
which denotes one. 111. — John, man. 



16 DEFINITIONS 



2. The plural number is that form of a word 
which denotes more than one. 111. — geese, men. 

14. Objective complement. Verbs of making, 
creating, and choosing sometimes bring an adjective or a 
noun in relation to the direct object instead of the sub- 
ject. Such an adjective or noun is then called an ob- 
jective complement. 111. — He made the stick straight. 
We named her Mary. 7b. 

15. The object of a verb is a noun or pronoun that 
shows upon what person or thing the action is exerted. 
111. — Take him away. 5b. 

16. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 
6b. 

1. A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows 
by its form of what person it is. 111. — He, I, them. 
6b. 
2. A relative pronoun is a pronoun that generally 
stands in close relation to an antecedent and joins to 
it a descriptive clause. 111. — Health is one of the 
greatest blessings that a man can have. 7a. 

3. An adjective pronoun is a limiting adjective 
used as a pronoun. 111. — This is the man. Many 
are called, but few chosen. 7a. 

4. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used 
to ask a question. 111. — Who are you? What is 
that? Which do you mean? 7a. 

17. A preposition is a word used to show the rela- 
tion of a noun or pronoun to some other word. 111. — At, 
in, on, bv. 6a. 



DEFINITIONS 17 



18. A phrase is a group of related words, without a 
subject and a predicate, used as a single part of speech. 
111. — He was a man of the people. 6a. 

19. A perdicate nominative is a noun or pronoun 
that completes the assertion of a verb and means the 
person or thing named by the subject. 111. — Washington 
was a wise leader. 6b. 

20. A predicate adjective is an adjective that 
completes the assertion of the verb and modifies the 
subject. 111. — The minstrel was infirm and old. 6b. 

21. Person is a change of form or use in a word to 
indicate whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken 
to, or the person or thing spoken of. 6b. 

1. The first person denotes the speaker. 111. — 
I, mine, me. 

2. The second person denotes the person spoken 
to. 111. — You, thou, thy. 

3. The third person denotes the person or thing 
spoken of. 111. — He, she, it. 

22. A sentence is a combination of words express- 
ing a complete thought. 

23. Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of 
the way in which words are joined in sentences*. 6a. 

When the syntax of a noun or pronoun is called 
for, the reason for its case should be given. 

When the syntax of an adjective or an adverb is 
called for, the word modified should be given. 



*It includes agreement, government, and order of words 
according to good usage, to secure euphony, clearness, and 
force in speech. 



18 DEFINITIONS 



When the syntax of a verb is called for, the sub- 
ject, number, and person should be given. 

When the syntax of a phrase or clause is called 
for, the statement should follow the form prescribed 
for the noun, adjective, or adverb. 

24. Tense is a change in the form of a verb which 
expresses distinctions of time. 7a. The tenses are pres- 
ent, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future 
perfect. 

1. Forms of tenses. The tense of a verb may 
be expressed in various forms, such as the common, 

emphatic, passive, progressive, and ancient. 7b. 
(Optional.) 

111. — He went home (common). 

He did go home (emphatic). 

The boy was taken home (passive). 

He was running fast (progressive). 

Thou art the man (ancient). 

25. A verb is a word that asserts. 6a. Verbs are 
divided as to form into two classes, regular and irregular. 
7a. 

1. A regular (weak) verb is a verb that forms its 
past tense by the ending t, d, or ed. 111. — Look, 
looked; bite, bit; stay, staid. 

2. An irregular (strong) verb is a verb that 
forms its past tense by an inward vowel change. 
111. — be, was, been; grow, grew, grown. 

Verbs are divided as to use or function into two 
classes, transitive and intransitive. 7a. 

1. A transitive verb is a verb that expresses ac- 
tion received by some person or thing. 111. — John 
struck James. 



DEFINITIONS 19 



2. An intransitive verb is a verb that expresses 
action or being confined to the subject. 111. — The 
carpenters struck for higher wages. 

Some intransitive verbs are called copulative ; as, 
is (in all its forms). 

26. A verbal is a form of the verb which merely 
names the act or state without asserting it and performs 
the office of another part of speech. 111. — To go; singing. 
7b. 

Verbals are of three kinds, infinitives, participles, 
and gerunds. 

1. An infinitive is a simple verbal that often be- 
gins with to. 111. — I like to hear you sing. Let 
him go. 

2. A participle is an adjective verbal retaining 
verbal functions. 111. — Truth crushed to earth shall 
rise again. 

3. A gerund is a participial verbal used as a noun 
but retaining verbal functions. 111. — The miser en- 
joys ■ counting his wealth (optional). 8b. (N. E. 
A. Com., p. 4.) 

Remark. — The New York syllabus classifies verb- 
als as infinitives, adjective participles, and noun par- 
ticiples. 

27. Voice is that form or use of a transitive verb 
which shows whether the subject acts or receives the act. 
There are two voices, the active and the passive. 

1. The active voice represents the subject as act- 
ing. 111. — He strikes. 

2. The passive voice represents the subject as 
receiving the act. 111. — He is struck. 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 

Grade 5A 



FIRST MONTH. 

Review. 

Declarative, interrogative, and imperative sen- 
tences. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Type sentences longer than in 4B. 

2. Declarative sentences in four types without 

inversions. 

3. Inverted subject and predicate (found in 

poetry). 

4. Subject and predicate. 

5. Exclamatory form. 

6. Emphasize end of sentence in thought and 
punctuation. 

7. Drill on correct forms should include the use 
of irregular verbs; as, bring, fake, run, fly, etc. 

8. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions ; for example, by. 

9. CapitaHzation.— New. No. 39. Review. No. 

36, 37, p. 70. 

10. Punctuation,— New. No. 3. Review No. 5, 

6, p. 65. 



GRADE 5 A 21 



SECOND MONTH. 
Plan of Work. 

1. Interrogative sentences. 

2. Four types. 

3. Change declarative sentence to interrogative 
and vice versa (Exclamatory form). 

4. Insist upon complete questions and answers ; 
as, Who is there? It is I. Who were there? They 
were there. 

5. Exclamatory form. 

6. Drill on the correct forms of irregular verbs ; 
as, blow, buy, steal, spin^ etc. 

7. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions; for example, up. 

8. Capitalization. — New. No. 4. Review. No. 
38, 40. 

9. Punctuation. — New No. 41. Review No. 14, 
15, 16, 17. 

10. Review first month's work. 



THIRD MONTH. 
Plan of Work. 

1. Imperative sentences. 

*'You" (generally understood) obeys command. 

2. A word independent by direct address. 
(This will show the children that nominative 

by direct address is not the subject of the im- 



22 GRADE 5a 



perative sentence and that it must be separated 
from the rest of the sentence by a comma.) 

3. Drill on the forms of irregular verbs ; as, be- 
come, win, eat, sing, etc. 

4. Drill on a few of the more frequently mis- 
used prepositions ; for example, the correct use of 
"behind" instead of "in back of." Illustration. — I 
stood behind him. 

5. Chiefly analysis. 

6. Capitalization. — New. No. 42. 
Review. No. 44. 

7. Punctuation. — 
Review. No. 18, 19, 22, 26. 

8. Review first and second month. 



FOURTH MONTH. 
Plan of Work. 

1. All kinds of sentences emphasizing^ types one 
and two. Chiefly analysis. 

2. Ask the pupils to express the thought on some 
topic in the declarative, interrogative, imperative, 
and exclamatory forms. 

Illustration. 
Mary is good. 
Is Mary good ? 
Be good, Mary. 
How good Mary is ! 



GRADE 5a 23 



3. Drill on the forms of irregular verbs ; as, 
catch, drink, teach, begin, etc. 

3. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions; for example, zvith. 

4. Capitalization. — New. 43. 
Review. No. 47. 

5. Punctuation.- — 
Review. No. 28, 30, 31. 

6. Review preceding months. 



FIFTH MONTH. 

Plan of Work. 

1. All kinds of sentences emphasizing types three 
and four. Chiefly analysis. 

2. The teacher reviews the points which need 
drilling. 

3. Capitalization. — Review. 

4. Punctuation. — Review. 

5. Thorough review of all preceding work. 



24 GRADE 5b 



Grade 5B 



FIRST MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Review thoroughly the four types of sentences. 

2. Drill on correct forms should include the use 
of irregular verbs; as, lead, he, see, swim, etc. 

4. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions ; for example, to. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Definition of sentence. No. 22, p. 17. 

2. Find complete subject and complete predicate 
of all types of sentences. 

3. Synthesis. 

4. Capitalization. — New. No. 46, p. 70. 
Review. No. 36, Z7, 38. 

5. Punctuation. — New. No. 9. 
Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, p. 65. 



SECOND MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs; as, 
leave, let, do, sink, etc. 



GRADE 5b 25 



2. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions ; for example, at. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis of sentences of the simplest character. 
Find the subject word and the predicate verb. Then 
add the object of the verb. 

2. Definition of subject, predicate, and object. 
p. 15. 

3. Synthesis. — Combine two simple sentences into 
one good simple sentence. Drill thoroughly. 

4. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 

5. Correct use of the nominative case. ///. — It 
is I. It is we. 

It is she. It is they. 

He and I went to the park. 

Jack, Frank, and I went to the park. 

He doesn^t know it. 

6. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 39, 40, 41. 

7. Punctuation. — New. No. 10. 
Review. No. 14, 15. 16. 17. 



THIRD MONTH. 
1. Review. 

1. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs; as, 
put, speak, write, and drown. 

2. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions; as, in and into. 



26 GRADE 5b 



3. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 

4. Correct use of the nominative case. 

5. Definition of subject, predicate, and comple- 
ment. 

6. Synthesis. — Combine two or three simple sen- 
tences into one good simple sentence. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis of sentences longer and more difficult 
than second month. 

2. Subject word simple and compound. 

3. Predicate and complement one word only. 

4. Correct use of the objective case after prepo- 
sitions and verbs. 

Correct. — He sat down between you and me. 
She told you and me. 
They talked about Mary and me. 
I like to play with you and her. 
They saw him and me. 

5. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 42, 43. 

6. Punctuation. — New. No. 12, 33. 

Review. No. 18. 19, 22, 26. 



FOURTH MONTH. 
1. Review. 

1. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs; as, 
hazre, strike, hang, wring, etc. 



GRADE 5b 27 



2. Drill on a few of the more frequently misused 
prepositions ; as, between and among. 

Correct. — She sat between Mary and me. 

They divided the pie among the five boys. 

3. Definition of subject, predicate, and object. 

4. Synthesis. — Combine three simple sentences 
into one good simple sentence. 

5. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 

6. Correct use of nominative and objective cases. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis of simple sentences. 

2. Subject, predicate, and object simple and 
compound. 

3. Sentences longer and more difficult than pre- 
ceding months; also inverted and imperative and 
interrogative forms. 

4. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 44, 47. 

5. Punctuation. — New. No. 35. 
Review.* No. 28, 30, 31, 32. 



FIFTH MONTH. 
1. Review. 

1. Chiefly analysis. 

2. Quick recognition of subjects, predicates, and 
objects simple and compound. 

3. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs. 



28 GRADE 5b 



4. Drill on the use of prepositions discussed dur- 
ing the term. 

5. Drill on predicates containing one and more 
than one auxiliary. 

6. Inverted subject and predicate. 

7. Analysis of the imperative sentence introduced 
by a word independent by direct address; as, John, 
listen carefully. 

8. Capitalization. — Review. 
9.. Punctuation. — Review. 

10. Thorough review of the entire grade. 



GRADE 6a 29 



Grade 6A 



FIRST MONTH. 

L Review. 

1. Classification of simple sentences. Declarative, 
interrogative, and imperative. Exclamatory form. 

2. Definition of sentences. No. 22, p. 17. 

3. Synthesis. — (1) The teacher suggests a sub- 
ject; the children complete the sentence. (2) The 
teacher suggests a predicate verb; the children com- 
plete the sentence. 

2 Plan of Work. 

1. Parts of speech. 

The words of the English language are ar- 
ranged into eight classes called the parts of 
speech. In the study of a part of speech 
stress should be laid upon the idea of use. 

2. Distinguish nouns. 

3. Definition of noun (1st half) No. 12, p. 15. 

4. Distinguish verbs. 

5. Definition of verb. No. 25, p. 18. 

6. Distinguish objects. 

• 7. Definition of object. No. 15, p. 15. 
8. Analysis of simple sentences. 



30 GRADE 6a 



9. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 36, 37, 38, p. 70. 

10. Punctuation. — New. No. 34, p. 69. 
Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, p. 65. 



SECOND MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Definition of subject, predicate, and object. 
No. 15, p. 15. 

3. Definition of sentence. No. 22, p. 17. 

4. Distinguish the predicate verb with auxiliaries. 

5. Definition of verb. No. 25, p. 18. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Distinguish pronouns. 

2. Definition of pronoun. No. 16, p. 16. 

3. Subject noun or pronoun. 

4. Predicate verb. 

5. Object noun or pronoun. 

6. Distinguish prepositions. 

7. Definition of preposition. No. 17, p. 16. 

8. Recognition of phrases introduced by preposi- 
tions. 

9. Definition of phrase. No. 18, p.* 16. 

10. Correct use of the prepositions ; for example, 
I took the book from him (instead **off him'*). 



GRADE 6a 31 



1 1 . Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 39, 40, 41. 

12. Punctuation. — 
Review. No. 10, 12, 14, 15, 16. 

13. Review first month. 



THIRD MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Drill on the recognition of the parts of speech 
already taught: Noun, verb, pronoun, and prepo- 
sition. 

Simple and compound subjects, predicates, and 
objects. 

3. Agreement of verb with subject or subjects. 
Correct. — He and I row well. He rows well. 

4. Correct use of nominative and objective cases 
of nouns and pronouns. Correct. — He gave John 
and me some money. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Distinguish the adjective. 

2. Definition of adjective. (1st half) No. 1. p. 
10. 

3. Distinguish the adverb, 

4. Definition of adverb. (1st half) No. 2, p. 10. 

5. Modifying elements of parts of speech taught. 

6. Subject noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

7. Predicate verb with its modifiers. 



32 GRADE 6a 



8. Object noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

9. Capitalization. — ■ 

Review. No. 42, 43, 44. 

10. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 17, 18, 19, 22, 26, 28. 



FOURTH MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Subject noun or pronoun with modifiers. 

2. Predicate verb with modifiers. 

3. Object noun or pronoun with modifiers. 

4. All nouns with modifying parts of speech ; as, 
noun in the possessive case, pronoun in the posses- 
sive case, and adjective. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Distinguish conjunction. 

2. Definition of conjunction. (1st half) No. 4, 
p. 11. 

3. Distinguish interjection. 

4. Definition of interjection. (1st half) No. 10, 
p. 14. 

5. Drill on the use of the various forms of be. 

6. Distinguish the complements; as, predicate 
noun, predicate adjective, and predicate pronoun. 

7. The introductory word there is an independent 
element; for example, There are five ducks in the 
pond. 



GRADE 6a 33 



8. Continue work on adverbs as modifying ele- 
ments of the verb and the adjective. 

9. Synthesis. — Expansion of adjectives and ad- 
verbs into phrases and contraction of phrases into 
adjectives and adverbs. 

10. Correct use of the pronoun in the possesive 
case; for example, Every girl should cover her 
books (instead of "their books"). 

11. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 46, 47. 

12. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 30, 31, 32, 33, 35. 



FIFTH MONTH. 
Review. 

1. All the words in our language are arranged 
into classes called parts of speech. 

2. Distinguish the parts of speech. 

3. Definition of all the parts of speech. 

4. Definition of grammar. No. 9, p. 14. 

5. Chiefly analysis. 

6. Correct use of the adjective; for example, 
Bring me those books (instead of "them books"). 

7. Capitalization. — 

Review all previous work. 

8. Punctuation. — 

Review all previous work. 



34 GRADE 6b 



Grade 6B 



FIRST MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Classification of simple sentences: Declar- 
ative, interrogative, and imperative. (Exclamatory 
form.) 

2. Definition of sentence. No. 22, p. 17. 

3. Subject noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

4. Predicate verb with its modifiers. 

5. Object noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

6. Definition of object. No. 15, p. 15. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. New. — Nouns. No. 12, p. 15. Subdivision 
1 and first half of 2. 

3. Person. No. 21, p. 17. Subdivision 1, 2, 
and 3. 

4. Number. No. 13, p. 15. Subdivision 1 
and 2. 

5. Gender. No. 8, p. 14. Subdivision 1, 2, and 3. 

6. S3mtax. No. 23, p. 17. 

7. CapitaHzation. — 

Review. No. 36, Z7 , 38, p. 70. 

8. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, p. 65. 



GRADE 6b 35 



SECOND MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Drill on the use of the various forms of "be". 

2. Distinguish the complements ; as, predicate 
nominative and predicate adjective. 

3. Definition of predicate nominative. No. 19, 
p. 16. 

4. Definition of predicate adjective. No. 20. p. 
16. 

2. Plan of Work. 

5. x\nalysis and synthesis. 

6. New. — Case. No. 7, p. 12. 
j" Subdivision 1, lb, and Ic. 
(Subdivisions 2 and 3. 

7. Pronouns. — Personal. No. 16-1. p. 16. 

The personal pronouns are I, thou, you, he, she, 
and it with their declined forms and compounds. 

8. Declension of personal pronouns. 

9. Parsing of nouns or pronouns. 

10. Subject noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

11. Predicate verb with its modifiers. 

12. Predicate nominative with its modifiers. 

13. Rules of syntax should be studied in con- 
nection with words occurring in sentences. 

14. Capitalization.— 

Review. No. 39, 40, 41, p. 70. 

15. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, p. 66. 



36 GRADE 6b 



THIRD MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Parsing of nouns and pronouns. 

2. Plan of Work. 

2. Analysis and synthesis. 

3. Subject noun or pronoun with its modifiers. 

4. Predicate verb with its modifiers. 

5. Predicate adjective. 

6. New. — Pronouns : Interrogative, relative, and 
adjective. No. 16, p. 16; 2, 3, and 4. 

7. Syntax of all pronouns. 

8. Adjectives. No. 1, p. 10. Subdivision 1. 

9. Comparison. No. 5, p. 12. Subdivisions 1, 
2, and 3. 

10. Conjunction. No. 4, p. 11. Subdivisions 
1 and 2. 

11. Parsing of conjunctions. 

12. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 42, 43, 44. 

13. Punctuation. — New. No. 20. 
Review. No. 18, 19, 22, 26, 28. 



FOURTH MONTH. 
1. Review. 

1. Complements: predicate nominative and pred- 
icate adjective. 

2. Definition of preposition. 

3. Definition of interjection. 



GRADE 6b Z7 



Plan of Work. 

4. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences. 

5. Predicate adjective with its modifiers. 

6. Definition of object, predicate nominative, and 
predicate adjective. 

7. New. — ^Adverbs. No. 2. 

j Subdivisions (Meaning) 1, 2, 3, 4. 
^^ Subdivision (Use) 2. 

8. Comparison of adverbs. 

9. Phrases classified as to use. 

10. Parsing of adjectives and adverbs. 

1 1 . Capitalization . — 
Review. No. 46, 47. 

12. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 30, 31, 32. 33, 34, 35. 



FIFTH MONTH. 
Review. 

1. In the study of a part of speech, stress should 
be laid upon the idea of use. 

2. Definition of all parts of speech. 

3. Parsing of all parts of speech. 

4. Phrases classified as to use. 

5. Definition of phrase. No. 18, p. 16. 

6. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentence. 

7. Capitalization. — Review. 

8. Punctuation. — Review. 



38 GRADE 7a 



Grade 7A 



FIRST MONTH. 

Remark. — In teaching grammar in all grades, 
concrete examples are to be shown first. Then the 
pupil is asked to find other examples from the read- 
ing matter of the grade. Lastly, he must be able to 
embody what he has learned into his own construc- 
tive work in English. 

1. Review. 

1. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences as 
in previous grade. 

2. Simple interrogative sentences. 

3. Parsing of nouns. 

4. Parsing of personal and interrogative pro- 
nouns. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — Complex sentences containing adjec- 
tive clauses. 

2. Relative pronoun. No. 16, p. 16. Subdivi- 
sion 2. 

3. Antecedent. 

4. Adjective clause introduced by relative pro- 
noun. 



GRADE 7a 39 



5. Complex sentence. 

6. Definition of interrogative pronoun. No. 16, 
16. Subdivision 4. 

7. Declension of nouns and pronouns. 

8. Definition of declension. 

9. Rules of syntax. 

(1) Agreement of relative pronoun with an- 
tecedent. 

(2; Position of adjective clause. Rules of 
syntax should be studied in connection with 
words occurring in sentences. 

10. Capitalization. — New. No. 45, p. 70. 
Review. iNo. 36, 67, 6S. 

11. Punctuation.— New. No. 29, 7, 11. 
Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, p. 65. 



SECOND MONTH. 

1. Review. 

Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences. 

Analysis of complex sentences containing adjec- 
tive clauses. 

Parsing of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and ad- 
verbs. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — -Definition of adjective pronoun. No. 
16, p. 16. Subdivision 3. 

2. Compound personal and relative pronouns. 



40 GRADE 7a 



3. All adjective clauses. 

( 1 ) Introduced by relative pronouns. 

(2) Introduced by conjunctive adverbs. 

4. Adjectives. No. 1, p. 10. Subdivision 2, a 
and b. 

I. Descriptive. 

II. Limiting. 

1. Numeral. 

2. Pronominal.* 

3. Article. 

5. Adverbs. No. 2. Subdivisions 1, 2, 3. (Use.) 

6. Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 39, 40, 41. 

7. Punctuation.- — New. No. 13. 
Review. No. 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17. 



THIRD MONTH. 
1. Review. 

1. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences. 



*Pronominal adjectives may be subdivided into the follow- 
ing classes : 

(a) Distributive : each, either, neither, many a. These 
relate to objects taken separately. 

(b) Demonstratives : this, these, thai, those, yon, 
yonder, same, former, latter. These point out objects 
definitely. 

(c) Indefinites : one, other, another, any, some, such, 
all, both, none. These relate to objects indefinitely. 

(d) Interrogatives : which, what, and their com- 
pounds. 



GRADE 7a 41 



2. Analysis of complex sentences containing ad- 
jective clauses. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — ^Adverbial clauses. 

2. Conjunctions : Copulative and disjunctive. No. 
4, p. 11. Subdivisions 1, la, lb. 

3. Definition of verb. No. 25, p. 18. 
Subdivisions 1, 2 (according to form). 
Subdivisions 1, 2 (according to use). 

4. Four principal parts of verb. 

5. Definition of tense. No. 24, p. 17. 

6. Definition of mood. No. 11, p. 14 Subdi- 
visions 1, 2, 3. 

7. Nominative absolute. No. 7, p. 12. la. 

8. Nouns in apposition No. 7, p. 12. le. 

9. lindirect object. No. 7, p. 12. 2b. 

10. Rules of syntax should be studied in connec- 
tion with words occurring in sentences. 

11. Parsing of nouns, pronouns, and verbs as far 
as taught 

12. Capitalization. — New. No. 45. 
Review. No. 42, 43, 44. 

13. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 18, 19, 22, 26, 28. 



FOURTH MONTH. 
L Review. 

1. Analsysis and synthesis. 



42 GRADE 7a 



2. 


Phrases and clauses. 


3. 
4. 


Parsing of all parts of speech. 
Nominative absolute. 


5. 
6. 


Noun in apposition. 
Indirect object. 


7. 


Moods and tenses. 


2. Plan of Work. 


1. 


New. Noun clause. 


2. 

3. 

4. 
5. 


Compound sentence. 

Voice : Active and passive. 

Conjugation of verbs in all moods. 

Use of shall and will, and should and would. 


6. 


Adverbial objective. 


7. 


Capitaliaztion. — 

Review. No. 46, 47. 


8. 


Punctuation. — 




Review. No. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35. 



FIFTH MONTH. 

Remark. — Pupils should be taught to say all they 
know of a sentence or word without being ques- 
tioned. 

Review. 

1. Chiefly analysis. 

2. Clauses. Noun, adjective, and adverbial. 



GRADE 7a 43 



3. Phrases. Noun, adjective, adverbial, and ex- 
planatory. 

4. Double relative what and its compound used 
only in noun clauses. 

5. Comparison of adjective and adverb. 

6. Verb. 

Principal parts. 
Regular or irregular. 
Transitive or intransitive. 
Voice. 
Mood. 
Tense. 

Agreement with subject in person and num- 
ber. 

7. Syntax of all parts of speech. 

8. Capitalization. — Review. 

9. Punctuation. — Review. 



44 GRADE 7b 



Grade 7B 



FIRST MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Analysis and classification of sentences. 

2. Functions of word, phrase, and clause ele- 
ments. 

Remark. — The study of clauses is a very 
important part of grammar. In studying 
clauses we deal with large relations in sen- 
tences. With pupils these clauses should be 
taken up carefully and slowly. The relation of 
adverbial clauses is important because so much 
of the refinement of thought lies in these ele- 
ments. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — Objective complement. No. 14, p. 15. 

2. The exercises in synthesis should include sim- 
ple, complex, and compound sentences. 

3. Voice of verbs. 

4. Conjunctions. 

5. Adjective and adverbial clauses. 

6. Parsing of nouns and pronouns. 

7. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 36, 37, 38, p. 70. 



GRADE 7b 45 



Punctuation. — 
New. No. 2. 
Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, p. 65. 



SECOND MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. Special attention to the copulative verb "to 
be" in its various forms. 

2. Parsing of all verbs. 

3. The exercises in analysis and synthesis should 
include simple, complex, and compound sentences. 

4. Adverbial clauses of time, place, degree, and 
manner. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — Mood. No. 11, p. 14. Subdivisions 
1, 2, 3. 

2. Forms of tense. No. 24, p. 17. Subdivision 1. 

3. Conjugation of verbs in imperative, indicative, 
and subjunctive moods. 

4. Cautions regarding use of tense. 

(1) Agreement of verb with its subject. 

(2) The tense of the verb in the principal 
clause must not conflict with the verb in the 
subordinate clause. 

(3) Use the present tense to express present 
facts and unchangeable truths. 



46 GRADE 7b 



5. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 39, 40, 41. 

6. Punctuation. — 

New. No. 24. 
Review. No. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 



THIRD MONTH, 

1. Review. 

1. Classification, analysis, and syntliesis of 
all kinds and types of sentences. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Verbals should be classified as infinitives, par- 
ticiples, and participial nouns. 

2. New. — Verbals. No. 26, p. 18. Subdivisions 
1, 2, and "Remarks." 

3. Synthesis. — Expansion of participles and in- 
finitives to phrases and clauses. 

4. Syntax of verbals, conjunctions, and preposi- 
tions. 

5. Teach such other copulative verbs as become, 
seem, appear, remain, grow, look, taste, feel, smell, 
etc. 

6. Caution. — A participle or participial phrase is 
usually placed immediately after the noun whose 
meaning- it modifies. When there is no doubt about 



GRADE 7b 47 



the noun to which it belongs, the participle may 
come first. 

(Note. — The past participle is always pas- 
sive in idea, and never takes an object.) 

7. Noun phrases. 

8. Noun clauses. 

(1) Subject. 

(2) Predicate nominative. 

(3) Object. 

(4) Explanatory. 

(5) Object of a preposition. 

9. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 42, 43, 44. 

10. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 19, 22, 26. 28. 29. 



FOURTH MONTH, 
Review. 

The exercises in anatysis and synthesis should in- 
clude simple, complex, and compound sentences. 

1. Review. 

1. New. — Nouns. Collective and verbal nouns. 
No. 12, p. 15. Subdivisions a, b. 

2. The object of the verb. 

3. Indirect object. 

4. Objective complement. 

5. Adverbial objective. 



48 GRADE 7b 



6. Independent elements. 

7. Complements of copulative verbs. 

8. Syntax of adjectives and adverbs. 

9. Caution. — Be careful to distinguish an adjec- 
tive complement from an adverb modifier. 

10. Conjunctions. — A more extensive study of 
conjunctives with regard to their use and form in 
sentences is of importance in connection with the un- 
derstanding and expression of thought, and in the 
classification of sentences. 

( Note. — In teaching the relative pronouns in- 
clude their compounds. Distinguish clauses 
of cause, consequence, condition, and purpose.) 

1 1 . Capitalization. — 
Review. No. 45, 46. 

12. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35. 



FIFTH MONTH. 

1. Review. 

1. The classification of the sentences as simple, 
compound, or complex will naturally follow from 
the analysis. 

2. Functions of word, phrase, or clause elements. 

3. Subdivision, inflection, and syntax of the parts 
of speech. 

4. Copulative verb "to be" in its many forms. 



GRADE 7b 49 



5. Other copulative verbs, as, become, seem, ap- 
pear, look, etc. 

6. Predicate complements. 

7. Object of the verb. 

(1) Word. 

(2) Phrase. 

8. Verbals. 

(1) Infinitives. 

(2) Participles. 

(3) Participial nouns. 

9. Noun phrases and clauses. 

10. Capitalization. — Review. 

1 1 . Punctuation. — Review . 



50 GRADE 8a 



Grade 8A 



FIRST MONTH, 

Review. 

1. All uses of nominative case. 

(1) Subject. 

(2) Predicate nominative. 

(3) Apposition. 

(4) (a) Nominative of address. 

(b) Nominative of exclamation. 

(5) Nominative absolute. 

2. All uses of objective case. 

(1) Object of verb. 

(2) Apposition. 

(3) Object of preposition. 

(4) Objective complement. 

(5) Subject of the infinitive. 

(6) Indirect object. 

(7) Adverbial objective. 

3. Note. — Subject and object of the infinitive are 
in the objective case. 

Plan of Work. 

1. New. — Retained object. No. 7, Subdivision 
2a, p. 13. 

2. Analysis and synthesis. 



GRADE 8a 51 



3. Adjective clauses m complex and compound 
sentences. 

4. Adjective clauses with relative pronuon used as 
object of a preposition. 

5. Study of Connectives. (Conjunctives) : 

(1) Conjunctions. 

(a) Co-ordinate. 

(b) Subordinate. 
(2). Relative pronouns. 

(3j Relative (conjunctive) adverbs. 

(For the Teacher only) 

Remark. — In the following sentences, consider which and 
what interrogative adjectives; 

I know what book you rnean ; 
I do not know which book he means. 
Some excellent authorities call which and what in such 
cases relative adjectives, because, like relative pronouns, they 
are connectives as well as something else. (See Definitions, 4, 2.) 

6. Drill on the correct use of all pronouns. 

7. Capitalization 

Review. No. 36, 37, 38, p. 70. 

8. Punctuation. 

New. No. 23. 

Review. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, p. 65. 



SECOND MONTH. 

Remarks. — Text-book used chiefly as a book of 
reference. 



52 GRADE 8a 



Emphasize connection between composition and 
grammar. 

1. Review. 

1. Noun phrases. 

2. Noun clauses. Special attention to those in 
apposition or explanatory. 

3. Adverbial objective. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. New. — As used as a relative pronoun*. 

2. Various uses of the following words : TPmt, as, 
and but. 

3. Analysis and synthesis. 

4. Verbals: Infinitives, participles, and parti- 
cipial nouns. 

5. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 39, 40, 41. 

6. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 10, 11, 12, 13. 14, 15, 16. 



THIRD MONTH. 

Remarks. — Analysis used to elucidate obscure or 
complex construction. 

Clearness and correctness are largely dependent 
upon the arrangement of modifying words, phrases, 
and clauses. 



*When it follows such, many, or same. Take such as you 
want. Take as many as you want. Your lesson is the same as 
mine. 



GRADE 8a 53 



1. Review. 

1. Principal parts of verbs lie, lay, let, leave, flow, 
flee, fly, sit, set, rise, raise, bring, strike, do, and see. 

2. Verbals. 

2. Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. New. — Exercises in expanding, condensing, 
and recasting phrases, clauses, and sentences. 

3. Adverbial clause. 

4. Relative (conjunctive) adverbs of time, place, 
degree, and manner. 

5. Correlative conjunctions. 

Particular attention should be given to the 
position of adverbial modifiers. 

6. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 42, 43. 

7. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26. 



FOURTH MONTH. 

Review. 

1. Independent elements. 

2. Uses of objective case. 

(a) Object of verb . 

(b) Indirect object. 



54 GRADE 8a 



2. Plan of Worjk. 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Syntax : Agreement, government, and relation. 

3. Conjunctions. No. 4, p. 11. Subdivision 2: 

"A subordinate conjunction is a word that 
joins a subordinate clause to the principal 
clause." 

4. Study of Connectives. 

(1) Conjunctions. 

(2) Relative pronouns. 

(3) Relative (conjunctive) adverbs. 

Note. — See plan of work for the first month 
("Study of Connectives"). 

5. Various uses of such words as, what, all, like, 
hut, as, and that, as different parts of speech. 

6. Verb phrases : "Run over" and "laughed at" as 
they occur in such sentences as: 

The boy was laughed at ; 
The dog was run over. 

7. Expletives : It and there. 

8. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 44, 45, 46, 47. 

9. Punctuation. — 

Review. No. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. 35. 



GRADE 8 A 55 



FIFTH MONTH. 
Review. 

1. Functions of word, phrase, and clause ele- 
ments. 

2. Analysis should be chiefly from reading matter 
of grade. 

3. Verbals. Infinitives, participles^, and parti- 
cipial nouns. 

4. Clauses : Noun, adverbial, and adjective. 

5. Phrase : Noun, adjective, and adverbial. 

6. The verb. 

Moods and tenses. Special attention to the 
subjunctive mood. 

7. Active and passive voice. 

8. Concord of subject and predicate. 

9. Concord of tenses. 

10. Position of phrases and clauses. 

1 1 . Capitalization. — Review. 

12. Punctuation. — Review. 



56 GRADE 8b 



Grade 8B 



FIRST MONTH. 

Remarks. — Text-book used chiefly as a book of 
reference. 

In this grade there should be a review similar to 
that of 7B, but demanding on the part of the pupil 
more intelligence and independence. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis and synthesis of complex sentences 
containing phrases and clauses of time, place, degree, 
and manner. 

2. Study of connectives. 

(1) Relative (conjunctive) adverbs. 

(2) Subordinate conjunctions. 

(3) New. — Definition. No. 2. Subdivisions 
5, 6, 7, p. 10. 

3. Adverbs. — With reference to meaning ad- 
verbs are divided into the following classes : 

(1) Time. 

(2) Place. 

(3) Degree. 

(4) Manner. 

(5) Number. 



GRADE 8b 57 



(6) Cause. 

(7) Assertion or denial. 

With reference to use, adverbs are divided 
into three classes; namely, simple, interroga- 
tive, and relative (or conjunctive). 

4. Verbs. 

(1) Four principal parts. 

(2) Form: Regular; irregular. 

(3) Voice: Active; passive. 

(4) Mood: Indicative; imperative; subjunc- 
tive. 

(5) Tense. 

(6) Parsing of verbs. 

Note. — Auxiliary verbs generally tell mood and 
tense. 

Give particular attention to the verbs do and have 
both as auxiliary verbs and as principal verbs ; as, 
do do, had had, etc. 

Definitions of terms used. 

5. Parsing and syntax of all elements. 

6. Syntax. — Double Negatives : Two negatives 
are equivalent to an affirmative. 

7. Tautology consists in repeating the thought. 

8. Concord of subject and predicate. 

9. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 41, 42, 43, p. 70. 

10. Punctuation. — New. No. 8. 
Review all rules for use of comma. 



58 GRADE 8b 



SECOND MONTH. 

Remark. — Analysis used to elucidate obscure or 
complex construction. 
Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Noun phrases and clauses used in various 
ways, 

3. Independent elements : Words, phrases, and 
clauses. 

4. Nouns. 

(1) Proper. 

(2) Common. 

(a) Collective. 

(b) Verbal. 

5. Pronouns. 

(1) Personal. 

(2) Relative. 

(3) Adjective. 

(4) Interrogative. 

6. Person: First, second, third. 

7. Gender: Masculine, feminine, neuter. 

8. Case : Nominative, objective, possessive. 

9. Nouns as independent elements: 

(1) Nominative absolute. 

(2) Nominative by direct address. 

(3) Nominative of exclamation. 

Note. — Some authorities distinguish ''Nomi- 
native by Pleonasm; as, "Thy rod and thy 
staff, they comfort me." 



GRADE 8b 59 



10. Parsing of nouns and pronouns. 

11. Definitions of terms used. 

12. Syntax. 

(1) Case of subject and predicate nominative. 

(2) Object of transitive verb and of preposi- 
tion. 

(3) Case of explanatory nouns. 

(4) Possessive case precedes the participial 
noun. 

(5) Possessive case for singular and plural 
number. 

13. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 44. 45, 46. 

14. Punctuation. — Review the three rules for the 
period, the two rules for the semicolon, the two 
rules for the colon, and the reference marks : star, 
dagger, and double dagger. 



THIRD MONTH. 

Remark. — Pupils should be led to see that the 
truths set forth in text books of grammar are merely 
the facts of language which have been discovered 
and classified. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis of compound and complex sentences. 

2. Special attention to adjective phrases and 
clauses. 



60 GRADE 8b 



3. Adjective. 

(1) Descriptive. 

(2) Limiting. 

(a) Numeral. 

(b) Pronominal.* 

(c) The Article 

4. Comparison of adjectives, 

5. Comparison of adverbs. 

6. Definitions of terms used. 

7. Parsing of all parts of speech. 

8. Syntax. — Adjectives which imply number: 
Adjectives should agree in number with the nouns 
which they qualify. 

9. Comparison of Adjectives. — ^If only two per- 
sons or things are compared, use the compartive 
degree of the adjective; if more than two, the 
superlative. 

10. The correct use of the superlative degree. 

11. Avoid double comparatives. 

12. Avoid double superlatives. 



♦Pronominal adjectives may be subdivided into the follow- 
ing classes : 

(a) Distributives: each, either, neither, many a. These 
relate to objects taken separately. 

(b) Demonstratives : this, these, that, those, yon, 
yonder, same, former, latter. These point out objects 
definitely. 

(c) Indefinites: one, other, another, any, some, such. 
all, both, none. These relate to objects indefinitely. 

(d) Interrog-atives : which, what, and their compounds. 



GRADE 8b 61 



13. Avoid comparing adjectives which will not 
admit of different degrees. 

14. Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 47, 36, Z7 . 

15. Punctuation. — New. No. 27. 

Review the two rules for the use of the hy- 
. phen, one rule for the use of the caret, and 
three rules for the use of the apostrophe. 



FOURTH MONTH. 

Remark. — Sentences should be selected from the 
reading matter of the grade and from the pupils' oral 
and written work, to show that clearness and correct- 
ness are largely dependent upon the arrangement of 
modifying words, phrases, and clauses. 

Plan of Work. 

1. Analysis and synthesis of simple, complex, and 
compound sentences. 

2. Study of Connectives. (Conjunctives.) 

(1) Conjunctions. 

(a) Co-ordinate. 

(b) Subordinate. 

1. Relative pronouns. 

2. Relative (or conjunctive) adverbs. 
Note. — Include the correlative conjunctions 

in the study of connectives. 



62 GRADE 8b 



3. special attention to adverbial clauses of cause, 
condition, purpose, and consequence. 

4. Concrete illustrations of technical terms. 

5. Verbals : Infinitives, participles, and participial 
nouns. 

6. Elliptical sentences. 

7. Exercises in expanding, condensing, and re- 
casting words, phrases, and clauses. 

8. Particular attention should be given to the ad- 
verbial modifier. 

9. Prepositions and interjections. 

10. Syntax — Possessives. 

(1) Joint ownership. 

(2) Several possessors. 

When several possessive nouns modify the 
same word and imply common possession, the 
possessive sign is added to the last only. If they 
modify different words, expressed or under- 
stood, the sign is added to each. 

Illustrations. — John and Harry's boat. John's 
and Harry's boat. In the first example. John 
and Harry are represented as jointly owning a 
boat; in the second, each is represented as 
owning a separate boat. 

(3) Explanatory possessive. — When a posses- 
sive noun is followed by an explanatory word, 
the possessive sign is added to the explanatory 
word only. 



GRADE 8b 63 



(4) Personal pronouns have no possessive 
sign. 

(5) The prepositional phrase introduced by of 
is often equivalent to the possessive. 

(6) Double possessive. — The possessive may 
be used after of; as, 

A story of Mark Twain's is always interesting ; 
Take this hat of Jim's (Jim's hat). 

1 1 . Capitalization. — 

Review. No. 38, 39, 40. 

12. Punctuation. — 

Review the rules for the interrogation point, 
exclamation point, parenthesis, and dash. 



FIFTH MONTH. 

Remarks. — The reviews should cover ( 1 ) analysis 
and classification of sentences and (2) functions of 
word, phrase, and clause elements. 

Pupils should be required to study by topics, as 
the tenses and moods of verbs; phrases; clauses, etc. 

Plan of Work. 

1. The exercises in analysis and synthesis should 
be more difficult than those of the preceding grades. 

2. Various uses of nominative case. 

3. Various uses of objective case. 



64 GRADE 8b 



4. Various uses of noun phrases and clauses. 

5. Adjective phrases and clauses. 

6. Adverbial phrases and clauses. 

7. Connectives, including correlative conjunctions. 

8. Independent elements : Words, phrases, and 
clauses. 

9. Syntax. — Correction of common errors 
through the discovery of good usage and the appli- 
cation of the rules of grammar. 

10. Capitalization. — Review. 

11. Punctuation. — Review. 



RULES OF PUNCTUATION 65 



RULES OF PUNCTUATION. 

The Comma (,) is used — 

1. To set off elements* in the same construction 
forming a series. 

Ex. Earth, air, and water teem with life. 

2. To set off transposed elements. 

Ex. When the wicked entice thee, consent 
thou not. 

3. To set off interposed elements. 

Ex. This, however, was not my purpose. 

4. To set off short quotations informally intro- 
duced. 

Ex. Who said, "Let us have peace"? 

5. To set off independent elements. 

Ex. Fly, brother, fly. 

John, come here. 

(In grades 4A and 4B the rule is this — 

To set off words of address.) 

6. To mark the omission of a word. 
Ex. John was good ; William, bad. 
New York, Jan. 4, 1916. 

7. Sometimes between the members of a com- 
pound sentence that are not subdivided by commas. 

Ex. We love Burns, and we pity him. 

8. Sometimes at the end of a long subject. 



*"Elements," as here used, means "words, phrases, or 
clauses." 



66 RULES OF PUNCTUATION 

Ex. The Convention which assembled at 
Paris in 1792, decreed that royalty was abolished. 

9. To set off appositive elements. 

(5B-6B. To set off explanatory elements.) 
(When the element is only a word or two no 
comma is needed.) 

Ex. James Brown, PhD., is here. 
George, the boy who played truant, is here, 
Paul the apostle was a good man. 
The Semicolon ( ;) is used — 

10. Before as, viz., namely, etc., when they intro- 
duce examples ; as, — 

Ex. A noun is a name ; as, John. 

11. Between members of a compound sentence 
that are subdivided by commas. 

Ex. Where thou goest, I will go ; and v/here 
thou lodgest, I will lodge. — , — ; — , — . 
The Colon ( :) is used — 

12. Before an enumeration or quotation intro- 
duced by as follows, the following, etc. 

Ex. The following persons are elected to 
office : President, James Finn ; Secretary, Mary 
Brown. 

13. Between the members of a compound sentence 
that are subdivided by semicolons. 

ILX. , . , . 

The Period (.) is used — 

14. After declarative and imperative sentences 
[after statements and commands for first four years]. 



RULES OF PUNCTUATION 67 



Ex. God is good. 
John, come here. 

15. After abbreviations. 

Ex. Prof. John Brown, A. M. 

16. After Headings, and Arabic figures used to 
number paragraphs. 

The Interrogation Point (?) is used — 

17. After questions. 

The Exclamation Point (!) is used — 

18. After elements that denote strong feeling. 
Ex. To your tents, O Israel ! 

Alas ! How have I fallen ! 
Quotation Marks (" ") are used— 

19. To enclosed words used by another. 

Ex. "This," said he, "is America." (divided). 
Who said, "The sun does move"? 

20. A quotation within a quotation of double 
marks is indicated by single marks. "^ 

21. A quotation within a quotation of single 
marks is indicated by double marks.''' 

Ex. Trench says, "What a lesson is contained 
in the word 'diligence' !" 

The Professor began as follows : "Trench 
says, 'What a lesson is contained in the word 
"diligence" !' " 

The Dash ( — ) is used — 



*Omit No. 20 and No. 21. 



68 RULES OF PUNCTUATION 

22. Sometimes instead of parenthesis marks. 

Ex. I repeat — and this is the principal part 
of my story — that wages are too low. 

23. To denote a sudden change of thought. 

Ex. I believe — but what is the use of talk- 
ing? 

24. At the end of a line to show that the sense is 
incomplete. 

Ex. See after "used" in the above rules. 

25. After a side heading. 
Ex. Example. — 

Marks of Parenthesis () are used — 

26. To set off expressions that form no neces- 
sary part of the sentence. 

Ex. It is evident (so they say) that the army 
is too small. 

Brackets [] are used — 

27. To enclose words that are not the author's, in 
order to explain the meaning or to supply an omis- 
sion. 

Ex. "The President [Mr. Little] called the 
members to order." 

"The wages of sin is [are] death." 
The Apostrophe (') is used — 

28. To indicate the possessive case. 

29. To inform plurals of letters, signs, etc. 

30. To indicate the ommission of letters or 
figures. 



RULES OF PUNCTUATION 69 

Ex. The Boys of '7^\ 'Tis true. 
The Hyphen (-) is used — 

31. At the end of a line when part of a word is 
taken to the next line. 

32. To join the parts of some compound words. 
Ex. Mother-in-law. 

The Caret (A) is used — 

33. To show where something is to be inserted. 
The Star (*), Dagger (f), Double Dagger 

($), etc., are used— 

34. As marks of reference. 

35. In Manuscript — 

(1) One line under a word means italics. 

(2) Two lines mean small capitals. 

(3) Three Hnes mean CAPITALS. 



70 RULES OF CAPITALS 



RULES FOR CAPITALS 

The following words should begin with capitals : 

36. The first word of every sentence. 

37. The first word of a line of poetry. 

38. Particular names, and words derived from 
them. (Above 4B use ''proper nouns," etc.) 

39. The words North, South, East, West, when 
used to denote parts of the country. 

40. Names of months and days (not seasons). 

41. The first word of a direct quotation or ques- 
tion. , 

42. Names representing the Deity. 

43. Names of the Bible and books of the Bible. 

44. Titles applied to a person and abbreviations 
of titles. 

45. Names of things when spoken of or to as per- 
sons. (In higher grades use "names of things per- 
sonified.") 

46. Important words in titles and headings. (All 
words may be regarded as "important," except arti- 
cles, prepositions, and conjunctions.) 

47. I and O; "oh" should begin with a capital 
only when it begins a sentence. 



LEJe'iS 



X) 



